<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="https://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="https://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="https://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="https://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
	xmlns:slash="https://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
	>

<channel>
	<title>Vintage Pottery Bowls &#187; second</title>
	<atom:link href="https://vintagepotterybowls.org/tag/second/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>https://vintagepotterybowls.org</link>
	<description></description>
	<lastBuildDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 05:39:04 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language>en-US</language>
		<sy:updatePeriod>hourly</sy:updatePeriod>
		<sy:updateFrequency>1</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>https://wordpress.org/?v=3.9.2</generator>
	<item>
		<title>Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s</title>
		<link>https://vintagepotterybowls.org/2025/06/28/vintage-heath-pottery-large-14-5-serving-bowl-prototype-second-circa-1970s/</link>
		<comments>https://vintagepotterybowls.org/2025/06/28/vintage-heath-pottery-large-14-5-serving-bowl-prototype-second-circa-1970s/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 29 Jun 2025 03:34:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[vintage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1970's]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bowl]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[circa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[heath]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[large]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pottery]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[prototype]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[second]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[serving]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://vintagepotterybowls.org/2025/06/28/vintage-heath-pottery-large-14-5-serving-bowl-prototype-second-circa-1970s/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970sVintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Salad Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s. I have owned this bowl since the mid 70s when I received it as a gift from a family member that worked at Heath Pottery in Sausalito CA. The color is very [&#8230;]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[	 

 <div>	 <img class="wgdAh2g8he7I6y63ha7f5h3hdl062hdlf6gf3dlf5h2g8g7hdAf3gI62f5g7gS6y79h3hds077fy5y67fy5y67fy5y66fS5y66f8h2hf3e7e7e7fvf6f9gc69g7f806o5y68064he5y6606905y67fy5y68064he8e82h6h808y8fGh6h6084hy8f3c5y6806I6e5y67f805y66069f7g4hS8y83g3h708e8o8I84gy83hy82h7h7gy84g9f8gc5y6806I5y66fS5y66069f7g4h708e8fFh4h4h4h5h8h4g905y67fy6o6o5y67f605y66069f7gI8y8I8I8I83g9f807y5y66f805y67fy6o5y6806I5y66069f7g4f705y6806I5y66f8g2hS8I8I84h7g905y6806I6a607o5y67f3gI83g905y6806I6a805y66069f7gI83g905y66069f8f605y66f5g2f8gc5y67f3e2f7gI82h608o8fEh607c7e67016" src="https://vintagepotterybowls.org/wp-content/uploads/Vintage_Heath_Pottery_LARGE_14_5_Serving_Bowl_prototype_second_circa_1970s_01_vve.jpg" title="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s" alt="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s"/></div> <br/> 
 
 <div>   <img class="wgdAh2g8he7I6y63ha7f5h3hdl062hdlf6gf3dlf5h2g8g7hdAf3gI62f5g7gS6y79h3hds077fy5y67fy5y67fy5y66fS5y66f8h2hf3e7e7e7fvf6f9gc69g7f806o5y68064he5y6606905y67fy5y68064he8e82h6h808y8fGh6h6084hy8f3c5y6806I6e5y67f805y66069f7g4hS8y83g3h708e8o8I84gy83hy82h7h7gy84g9f8gc5y6806I5y66fS5y66069f7g4h708e8fFh4h4h4h5h8h4g905y67fy6o6o5y67f605y66069f7gI8y8I8I8I83g9f807y5y66f805y67fy6o5y6806I5y66069f7g4f705y6806I5y66f8g2hS8I8I84h7g905y6806I6a607o5y67f3gI83g905y6806I6a805y66069f7gI83g905y66069f8f605y66f5g2f8gc5y67f3e2f7gI82h608o8fEh607c7e67016" src="https://vintagepotterybowls.org/wp-content/uploads/Vintage_Heath_Pottery_LARGE_14_5_Serving_Bowl_prototype_second_circa_1970s_02_am.jpg" title="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s" alt="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s"/>

 	</div>
		  <br/>
 	<div>
 
<img class="wgdAh2g8he7I6y63ha7f5h3hdl062hdlf6gf3dlf5h2g8g7hdAf3gI62f5g7gS6y79h3hds077fy5y67fy5y67fy5y66fS5y66f8h2hf3e7e7e7fvf6f9gc69g7f806o5y68064he5y6606905y67fy5y68064he8e82h6h808y8fGh6h6084hy8f3c5y6806I6e5y67f805y66069f7g4hS8y83g3h708e8o8I84gy83hy82h7h7gy84g9f8gc5y6806I5y66fS5y66069f7g4h708e8fFh4h4h4h5h8h4g905y67fy6o6o5y67f605y66069f7gI8y8I8I8I83g9f807y5y66f805y67fy6o5y6806I5y66069f7g4f705y6806I5y66f8g2hS8I8I84h7g905y6806I6a607o5y67f3gI83g905y6806I6a805y66069f7gI83g905y66069f8f605y66f5g2f8gc5y67f3e2f7gI82h608o8fEh607c7e67016" src="https://vintagepotterybowls.org/wp-content/uploads/Vintage_Heath_Pottery_LARGE_14_5_Serving_Bowl_prototype_second_circa_1970s_03_mrd.jpg" title="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s" alt="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s"/></div>

 <br/>


 
<div><img class="wgdAh2g8he7I6y63ha7f5h3hdl062hdlf6gf3dlf5h2g8g7hdAf3gI62f5g7gS6y79h3hds077fy5y67fy5y67fy5y66fS5y66f8h2hf3e7e7e7fvf6f9gc69g7f806o5y68064he5y6606905y67fy5y68064he8e82h6h808y8fGh6h6084hy8f3c5y6806I6e5y67f805y66069f7g4hS8y83g3h708e8o8I84gy83hy82h7h7gy84g9f8gc5y6806I5y66fS5y66069f7g4h708e8fFh4h4h4h5h8h4g905y67fy6o6o5y67f605y66069f7gI8y8I8I8I83g9f807y5y66f805y67fy6o5y6806I5y66069f7g4f705y6806I5y66f8g2hS8I8I84h7g905y6806I6a607o5y67f3gI83g905y6806I6a805y66069f7gI83g905y66069f8f605y66f5g2f8gc5y67f3e2f7gI82h608o8fEh607c7e67016" src="https://vintagepotterybowls.org/wp-content/uploads/Vintage_Heath_Pottery_LARGE_14_5_Serving_Bowl_prototype_second_circa_1970s_04_kvmp.jpg" title="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s" alt="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s"/> </div>
<br/>			
<div><img class="wgdAh2g8he7I6y63ha7f5h3hdl062hdlf6gf3dlf5h2g8g7hdAf3gI62f5g7gS6y79h3hds077fy5y67fy5y67fy5y66fS5y66f8h2hf3e7e7e7fvf6f9gc69g7f806o5y68064he5y6606905y67fy5y68064he8e82h6h808y8fGh6h6084hy8f3c5y6806I6e5y67f805y66069f7g4hS8y83g3h708e8o8I84gy83hy82h7h7gy84g9f8gc5y6806I5y66fS5y66069f7g4h708e8fFh4h4h4h5h8h4g905y67fy6o6o5y67f605y66069f7gI8y8I8I8I83g9f807y5y66f805y67fy6o5y6806I5y66069f7g4f705y6806I5y66f8g2hS8I8I84h7g905y6806I6a607o5y67f3gI83g905y6806I6a805y66069f7gI83g905y66069f8f605y66f5g2f8gc5y67f3e2f7gI82h608o8fEh607c7e67016" src="https://vintagepotterybowls.org/wp-content/uploads/Vintage_Heath_Pottery_LARGE_14_5_Serving_Bowl_prototype_second_circa_1970s_05_hn.jpg" title="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s" alt="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s"/>   </div> 		


	 <br/>

		<div>
 
 <img class="wgdAh2g8he7I6y63ha7f5h3hdl062hdlf6gf3dlf5h2g8g7hdAf3gI62f5g7gS6y79h3hds077fy5y67fy5y67fy5y66fS5y66f8h2hf3e7e7e7fvf6f9gc69g7f806o5y68064he5y6606905y67fy5y68064he8e82h6h808y8fGh6h6084hy8f3c5y6806I6e5y67f805y66069f7g4hS8y83g3h708e8o8I84gy83hy82h7h7gy84g9f8gc5y6806I5y66fS5y66069f7g4h708e8fFh4h4h4h5h8h4g905y67fy6o6o5y67f605y66069f7gI8y8I8I8I83g9f807y5y66f805y67fy6o5y6806I5y66069f7g4f705y6806I5y66f8g2hS8I8I84h7g905y6806I6a607o5y67f3gI83g905y6806I6a805y66069f7gI83g905y66069f8f605y66f5g2f8gc5y67f3e2f7gI82h608o8fEh607c7e67016" src="https://vintagepotterybowls.org/wp-content/uploads/Vintage_Heath_Pottery_LARGE_14_5_Serving_Bowl_prototype_second_circa_1970s_06_po.jpg" title="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s" alt="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s"/></div>	 <br/> 	
	

   <div><img class="wgdAh2g8he7I6y63ha7f5h3hdl062hdlf6gf3dlf5h2g8g7hdAf3gI62f5g7gS6y79h3hds077fy5y67fy5y67fy5y66fS5y66f8h2hf3e7e7e7fvf6f9gc69g7f806o5y68064he5y6606905y67fy5y68064he8e82h6h808y8fGh6h6084hy8f3c5y6806I6e5y67f805y66069f7g4hS8y83g3h708e8o8I84gy83hy82h7h7gy84g9f8gc5y6806I5y66fS5y66069f7g4h708e8fFh4h4h4h5h8h4g905y67fy6o6o5y67f605y66069f7gI8y8I8I8I83g9f807y5y66f805y67fy6o5y6806I5y66069f7g4f705y6806I5y66f8g2hS8I8I84h7g905y6806I6a607o5y67f3gI83g905y6806I6a805y66069f7gI83g905y66069f8f605y66f5g2f8gc5y67f3e2f7gI82h608o8fEh607c7e67016" src="https://vintagepotterybowls.org/wp-content/uploads/Vintage_Heath_Pottery_LARGE_14_5_Serving_Bowl_prototype_second_circa_1970s_07_gxlw.jpg" title="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s" alt="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s"/></div>
<br/>

	 	<div> 	<img class="wgdAh2g8he7I6y63ha7f5h3hdl062hdlf6gf3dlf5h2g8g7hdAf3gI62f5g7gS6y79h3hds077fy5y67fy5y67fy5y66fS5y66f8h2hf3e7e7e7fvf6f9gc69g7f806o5y68064he5y6606905y67fy5y68064he8e82h6h808y8fGh6h6084hy8f3c5y6806I6e5y67f805y66069f7g4hS8y83g3h708e8o8I84gy83hy82h7h7gy84g9f8gc5y6806I5y66fS5y66069f7g4h708e8fFh4h4h4h5h8h4g905y67fy6o6o5y67f605y66069f7gI8y8I8I8I83g9f807y5y66f805y67fy6o5y6806I5y66069f7g4f705y6806I5y66f8g2hS8I8I84h7g905y6806I6a607o5y67f3gI83g905y6806I6a805y66069f7gI83g905y66069f8f605y66f5g2f8gc5y67f3e2f7gI82h608o8fEh607c7e67016" src="https://vintagepotterybowls.org/wp-content/uploads/Vintage_Heath_Pottery_LARGE_14_5_Serving_Bowl_prototype_second_circa_1970s_08_cm.jpg" title="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s" alt="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s"/>
 	
</div>	  	    <br/>
<div><img class="wgdAh2g8he7I6y63ha7f5h3hdl062hdlf6gf3dlf5h2g8g7hdAf3gI62f5g7gS6y79h3hds077fy5y67fy5y67fy5y66fS5y66f8h2hf3e7e7e7fvf6f9gc69g7f806o5y68064he5y6606905y67fy5y68064he8e82h6h808y8fGh6h6084hy8f3c5y6806I6e5y67f805y66069f7g4hS8y83g3h708e8o8I84gy83hy82h7h7gy84g9f8gc5y6806I5y66fS5y66069f7g4h708e8fFh4h4h4h5h8h4g905y67fy6o6o5y67f605y66069f7gI8y8I8I8I83g9f807y5y66f805y67fy6o5y6806I5y66069f7g4f705y6806I5y66f8g2hS8I8I84h7g905y6806I6a607o5y67f3gI83g905y6806I6a805y66069f7gI83g905y66069f8f605y66f5g2f8gc5y67f3e2f7gI82h608o8fEh607c7e67016" src="https://vintagepotterybowls.org/wp-content/uploads/Vintage_Heath_Pottery_LARGE_14_5_Serving_Bowl_prototype_second_circa_1970s_09_zezj.jpg" title="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s" alt="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s"/> </div> 
	<br/>  <div>

<img class="wgdAh2g8he7I6y63ha7f5h3hdl062hdlf6gf3dlf5h2g8g7hdAf3gI62f5g7gS6y79h3hds077fy5y67fy5y67fy5y66fS5y66f8h2hf3e7e7e7fvf6f9gc69g7f806o5y68064he5y6606905y67fy5y68064he8e82h6h808y8fGh6h6084hy8f3c5y6806I6e5y67f805y66069f7g4hS8y83g3h708e8o8I84gy83hy82h7h7gy84g9f8gc5y6806I5y66fS5y66069f7g4h708e8fFh4h4h4h5h8h4g905y67fy6o6o5y67f605y66069f7gI8y8I8I8I83g9f807y5y66f805y67fy6o5y6806I5y66069f7g4f705y6806I5y66f8g2hS8I8I84h7g905y6806I6a607o5y67f3gI83g905y6806I6a805y66069f7gI83g905y66069f8f605y66f5g2f8gc5y67f3e2f7gI82h608o8fEh607c7e67016" src="https://vintagepotterybowls.org/wp-content/uploads/Vintage_Heath_Pottery_LARGE_14_5_Serving_Bowl_prototype_second_circa_1970s_10_ff.jpg" title="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s" alt="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s"/></div>
  	  <br/>
	 	 
<div>	<img class="wgdAh2g8he7I6y63ha7f5h3hdl062hdlf6gf3dlf5h2g8g7hdAf3gI62f5g7gS6y79h3hds077fy5y67fy5y67fy5y66fS5y66f8h2hf3e7e7e7fvf6f9gc69g7f806o5y68064he5y6606905y67fy5y68064he8e82h6h808y8fGh6h6084hy8f3c5y6806I6e5y67f805y66069f7g4hS8y83g3h708e8o8I84gy83hy82h7h7gy84g9f8gc5y6806I5y66fS5y66069f7g4h708e8fFh4h4h4h5h8h4g905y67fy6o6o5y67f605y66069f7gI8y8I8I8I83g9f807y5y66f805y67fy6o5y6806I5y66069f7g4f705y6806I5y66f8g2hS8I8I84h7g905y6806I6a607o5y67f3gI83g905y6806I6a805y66069f7gI83g905y66069f8f605y66f5g2f8gc5y67f3e2f7gI82h608o8fEh607c7e67016" src="https://vintagepotterybowls.org/wp-content/uploads/Vintage_Heath_Pottery_LARGE_14_5_Serving_Bowl_prototype_second_circa_1970s_11_knbj.jpg" title="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s" alt="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s"/>	
</div>

 			<br/> 		 
  	<div>
 <img class="wgdAh2g8he7I6y63ha7f5h3hdl062hdlf6gf3dlf5h2g8g7hdAf3gI62f5g7gS6y79h3hds077fy5y67fy5y67fy5y66fS5y66f8h2hf3e7e7e7fvf6f9gc69g7f806o5y68064he5y6606905y67fy5y68064he8e82h6h808y8fGh6h6084hy8f3c5y6806I6e5y67f805y66069f7g4hS8y83g3h708e8o8I84gy83hy82h7h7gy84g9f8gc5y6806I5y66fS5y66069f7g4h708e8fFh4h4h4h5h8h4g905y67fy6o6o5y67f605y66069f7gI8y8I8I8I83g9f807y5y66f805y67fy6o5y6806I5y66069f7g4f705y6806I5y66f8g2hS8I8I84h7g905y6806I6a607o5y67f3gI83g905y6806I6a805y66069f7gI83g905y66069f8f605y66f5g2f8gc5y67f3e2f7gI82h608o8fEh607c7e67016" src="https://vintagepotterybowls.org/wp-content/uploads/Vintage_Heath_Pottery_LARGE_14_5_Serving_Bowl_prototype_second_circa_1970s_12_cm.jpg" title="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s" alt="Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s"/>
</div>
<br/><div class="accordion vertical"><input type="checkbox" name="vintage heath pottery large 14 5 serving bowl prototype second circa 1970s" id="vintage_heath_pottery_large_14_5_serving_bowl_prototype_second_circa_1970s" /><label for="vintage_heath_pottery_large_14_5_serving_bowl_prototype_second_circa_1970s">Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s</label><div class="accordion-content">Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Salad Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s. I have owned this bowl since the mid 70s when I received it as a gift from a family member that worked at Heath Pottery in Sausalito CA. The color is very hard to photograph but the first two pictures are the most accurate for color (outside glaze is a beautiful olive green and inside glaze is a dark black/ anthracite gunmetal color). I think it was a second, only due to the sight wave (barely noticeable except in certain light &#8211; see picture) and there are some tiny multiple scratches in the outside glaze. As shown in the bottom pictures (not really visible in my opinion when upright on table). Please ask me any.
</div> 
</div>  <div class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app-id='24920113' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='Vintage Heath Pottery LARGE 14.5 Serving Bowl (prototype / second) circa 1970s' data-link='https://vintagepotterybowls.org/2025/06/28/vintage-heath-pottery-large-14-5-serving-bowl-prototype-second-circa-1970s/' data-summary=''></div>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>https://vintagepotterybowls.org/2025/06/28/vintage-heath-pottery-large-14-5-serving-bowl-prototype-second-circa-1970s/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>The Shaving Scuttle A Second Look</title>
		<link>https://vintagepotterybowls.org/2020/08/25/the-shaving-scuttle-a-second-look/</link>
		<comments>https://vintagepotterybowls.org/2020/08/25/the-shaving-scuttle-a-second-look/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2020 02:33:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[shaving]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[look]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[scuttle]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[second]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://vintagepotterybowls.org/2020/08/25/the-shaving-scuttle-a-second-look/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<iframe style="width:340px;height:285px;max-width:100%;" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GHxy40Rxcnk" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><div class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app-id='24920113' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='The Shaving Scuttle A Second Look' data-link='https://vintagepotterybowls.org/2020/08/25/the-shaving-scuttle-a-second-look/' data-summary=''></div>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>https://vintagepotterybowls.org/2020/08/25/the-shaving-scuttle-a-second-look/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>The 90 Second Pottery Bowl</title>
		<link>https://vintagepotterybowls.org/2017/12/03/the-90-second-pottery-bowl/</link>
		<comments>https://vintagepotterybowls.org/2017/12/03/the-90-second-pottery-bowl/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 Dec 2017 17:50:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[second]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bowl]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pottery]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://vintagepotterybowls.org/2017/12/03/the-90-second-pottery-bowl/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<iframe style="width:340px;height:285px;max-width:100%;" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9ETWgsIvDtM" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><div class='shareaholic-canvas' data-app-id='24920113' data-app='share_buttons' data-title='The 90 Second Pottery Bowl' data-link='https://vintagepotterybowls.org/2017/12/03/the-90-second-pottery-bowl/' data-summary=''></div>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>https://vintagepotterybowls.org/2017/12/03/the-90-second-pottery-bowl/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
	</channel>
</rss>

<!-- Quick Cache is NOT caching this page, because `$_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']` indicates this is a `/feed`; and the configuration of this site says not to cache XML-based feeds. -->